Mambila Fricative Vowels

Bruce Connell

University of Oxford

References

Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.

Blench, R. M. (1993). An outline classification of the Mambiloid languages. Journal of West African Languages, XXIII(1), 105-118.

Bourquin, W. (1955). Notes on the "close" vowels in Bantu. African Studies, 14(2), 49-61.

Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1991). Gestural structures: Distinctiveness, phonological processes, and historical change. In I. Mattingly & M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), Modularity and the Motor Theory of Speech Perception., (pp. 313-338). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Coleman, J. (1996). Syllabicity and Syllabification in Tashlhit Berber. In J. Durand & B. Laks (Eds.), Current Trends in Phonology Models and Methods, (Vol. 1, pp. 175-216). Manchester: European Studies Research Unit, University of Salford.

Connell, B. (1996, ). The Roots of Mambila: convergence and divergence in the development of Mambila. Paper presented at the 26th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.

Connell, B. (1997, ). Implications of the Fricative Vowels in Len Mambila. Paper presented at the 27th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.

Dell, F. (1994). Consonnes à prolongement syllabique en Chine. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie-Orientale, 23, 87-94.

Demolin, D. (1993, ). The problem of vowelless syllables in Lendu: phonetic and phonological aspects. Paper presented at the 23rd Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.

Dimmendaal, G. J. (1986). Syllabische consonanten in het Lendu en het Standaard Chinees: wee gevallen van compensatoire verlenging. Glot, 9, 177-194.

Elias, P., Leroy, J., & Voorhoeve, J. (1984). Mbam-Nkam or Eastern Grassfields. Afrika und Übersee, LXVII, 31-107.

Fransen, M. (1995). A Grammar of Limbum, a Grassfields Language. Unpublished PhD., Free University of Amsterdam.

Guthrie, M. (1967-71). Comparative Bantu: an introduction to the comparative linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages. (Vol. Vol. 1: 1967, Vol.2: 1971, Vols. 3 & 4: 1970). Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers.

Hoard, J. E. (1978). Syllabification in Northwest Indian languages, with remarks on the nature of syllabic stops and affricates. In A. Bell & J. B. Hooper (Eds.), Syllables and Segments, (pp. 59-72). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Hyman, L. M., & Jisa, H. (ms 1977-78). Word List of Comparative Ring (Kom Group, Western Grasfields Bantu). .

Hyman, L. M. (1981). Noni Grammatical Structure. Los Angeles: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Southern California.

Kelly, J. (1974). Close vowels in Fang. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 37, 119-123.

Kutsch-Lojenga, C. (1989). The secret behind the vowelless syllables in Lendu. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 11, 115-126.

Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.

Laver, J. (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meeussen, A. E. (1980). Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. Tervuren: Museé Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.

Meinhof, C., & van Warmelo, N. J. (1932). Introduction to the Phonology of the Bantu Languages. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

Mve, P. M. (1997). Essai sur la phonologie panchronique des parlers

fang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. Unpublished These de Doctorat (Nouveau Regime) en Sciences du Langage, Universite Lumiere-Lyon2.

Schadeberg, T. (1994/5). Spirantization of the Bantu 7-to-5 vowel merger. Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 9, 73-84.

Zoll, C. (1995). Consonant Mutation in Bantu. Linguistic Inquiry, 26(3), 536-543.

Appendix: Comparative data

Sources: Len-Mambila: Connell, field notes; PB/CB (G): Guthrie (1967-71); PB (M): Meeussen (1969); Fang: Kelly (1974), Mve (1997); PEG: Elias, Leroy, Voorhoeve (1984); Kom (W.Gr.): Hyman et al. (ms 1977); Noni (Beboid) Hyman (1981). Where information in the various works consulted permits, transcriptions are standardized following IPA conventions; 1st degree vowels as ; 2nd degree as . Where variation was recorded in the Len forms, these are given.